# black-scholes

### black scholes - Implications of shifting the lognormal model for forward rates from a probability perspective

Let \begin{align} L(t; T, T + \Delta) = \frac{1}{\Delta} \left[ \frac{P(t,T)}{P(t, T+\Delta)} - 1 \right] \end{align} be the forward Libor rate at time $t$ for the period $[T, T+\Delta]$. Consider a... Read More

### black scholes - Interpretation of IV and its use in stock movement prediction

The Bachelier model which assumes that price follows a normal distribution is a correct approximation for the Black-Scholes one for short times t. When time is short it's fine to ignore drift becaus... Read More

### black scholes - Why should we expect geometric Brownian motion to model asset prices?

To provide a straight forward answer: It is not a good model. It never was, it never will be. Until we all do not come up with a better model that provides better modeling accuracy while it is equal... Read More

### What are the relation between the risk neutral measures in binomial tree and in Black Scholes model?

There is a deeper relationship between the two risk-neutral measures. Take any event in the binomial model with a finite number of steps and calculate the risk-neutral probability of it. Take the sam... Read More

### option pricing - What tools are used to numerically solve differential equations in Quantitative Finance?

Except in highly unusual cases, financial PDEs lack analytic solutions. The mathematical tools used are Monte Carlo, plus the usual ones for solving PDEs on grids, almost always one of the following:... Read More

### How to derive Black's formula for the valuation of an option on a future?

European option on future To price European Option on Future, you just need to replace $S_0$ with $Fe^{-rT}$ in your original BS formula or you can use risk neutral approach. Both will lead to same V... Read More

### black scholes - Hedging with different volatility (Ahmad and Wilmott paper)

The choice of hedging strategy cannot affect the expected p/l, because hedging just consists of doing at-market purchases or sales of the underlying, each of which have zero expected value at the tim... Read More

### black scholes - How to prove price of Asian option under geometric averaging is cheaper than a European call?

first - a nice and short note for the calculation can be found here. second: what do they mean by cheaper? The pay-off is different - so what can we compare. The only meaning is that if the stock ha... Read More

### black scholes - Stochastic Volatility and Sticky Delta

Intuitively, in a (log)-space homogenous diffusion model $$St \propto S0, \forall t \geq 0$$ such that implied volatilities will only depend on the moneyness level and not on the absolute spot leve... Read More

### greeks - Vega in a "constant volatility" Black-Scholes world?

You are onto something, it is inconsistent to be calculating vega with Black-Scholes considering it assumes that volatility is constant. Black-Scholes is not a good for modeling option prices/implied... Read More